Weaknesses Of Social Contract Theory - 928 Words

Social Contract theory is the idea that in the beginning people lived in the state of nature with no government and laws to regulate them. In order to overcome the issues involved in the state of nature, people entered into agreements to protect themselves and their properties. They did this by uniting, rescinding certain rights under the state of nature, and pledging themselves to an authority that will guarantee certain protections. They all agree to live together under those laws and create a mechanism that enforces the contract and the laws that come with it. Some political theorists, such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, have differing views as to what the state of nature is and what should constitute as a social contract. One†¦show more content†¦More precisely, children are just as likely to contract with their mothers as they are with their fathers for protection. Additionally, given the lack of a modern family structure, it is unlikely that a child would know the ex act identification of their father. Carole Pateman points out that under these conditions of nature, it would seem unlikely that women would agree to have children. According to Hobbes, they have the same primary drive for survival and perpetual existence that men do. The question then lies: why would women put themselves at greater risk by caring for children? Carole Pateman prompts us that the worrying part of Hobbes’s idea of family may not be its contractual form but its absolutism. While in his political contract we give absolute rule to the sovereign, such as a monarch, in the family contract we also turn power over to an absolute ruler. This absolute ruler is the â€Å"master† of the family. While Hobbes leaves open the possibility that the mother could be the master of the household, however, mothers and women are removed from the discussion of the family once the idea of the master is introduced. Pateman also dismisses Hobbes’s acknowledgement of female sovereigns as simply a logical possibility. She goes even further: â€Å"the sovereign cannot be the mother, given the conjectural history of the origin of the familyShow MoreRelatedHobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory1625 Words   |  7 PagesRousseau on the Social Contract Theory The social contract theory focuses on the origin of states and laws, and the impact of regulated communities or states on individuals. All conceptions of the social contract theory can be harmonized to the individual desire for safety or security and the demand for fulfillment through a collective agreement which transforms the human dimension into an organized society from the primordial state. 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Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake of soc iety, is either a beast or a god. † (Aristotle 4) Dating back to Ancient Greece, the state of natureRead MoreCan Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences?1425 Words   |  6 PagesAnalytical Summary: Can Contract Theory Explain Social Preferences? One of the revolutionary changes in the economic thinking is taking into account the effect of social preferences on economic activities. During the last two decades, experimental economics showed that, social preferences play an important role on the economic activities. For example, Knack and Keefer (1997) proved that, trust and civic duty have important contribution to economic growth. Also, Slemrood (2003) find out that, real

Compare/Contrast Paper Free Essays

Darius White Michael Duffy TSEM: Blood, Lust, and the American Dream 13 October 2012 The articles I have selected all involve metaphorical drugs and addictions in vampire media. The in class article I have chosen is titled Not to Be Toyed With’: Drug Addiction, Bullying and Self-empowerment in Buffy the vampire Slayer by Rob Cover and it involves the fictional character, Willow, and her addiction to magic. The article shares several similarities with the peer reviewed article Battling Addictions in Dracula by Kristina Aikens, and â€Å"[I]s it dangerous? Alternative readings of â€Å"drugs† and â€Å"addiction† in Buffy the Vampire Slayer by Jo Latham. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare/Contrast Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now All three articles explain the drug references in vampire media albeit with different points and interpretations. They briefly explain what an addiction is and how it applies to that particular subject. But two articles in particular, Not to Be Toyed With and â€Å"[I]s it dangerous? † both mention the negative aspects of peer pressure and bullying and what effect it can have on someone’s psyche specifically on the character Willow. Both articles explain how Willow’s magical curiosity began to manifest into something darker through time. The more she used magic, the more she relied on it and the more she became reluctant to control herself. She also began to show signs of an addiction, including withdrawal. The articles differ from Not to Be Toyed With in the sense that they explain drug use using different examples. â€Å"[I]s it dangerous? † takes a more in depth look in how Willow’s addiction causes her to become more compulsive, and how her friendships begin to crumble the more she hurts others with her magic. The article states that â€Å"The show succeeds in depicting drug use and its consequences as a complex web of dynamic intra-action between personal agency and structural forms of social restraints. Magic is pharmAkon: poison and cure, and the distinction arises from how it is used: for good or evil, productively or destructively. † It states that the show attempts to show that drugs aren’t entirely bad, but can be used constructively. It evens takes it a step further by comparing her to other drug abusers and the medical aspect of addictions. It mentions that there may be properties of magic that has universal effects that may result in addiction, not the magic itself. In Battling Addictions in Dracula, It doesn’t use magic as a metaphor for drugs, but it compares drug abusers to a vampire addicted to human blood, more specifically the war on drugs. It briefly mentions the various drugs and makes several references to vampire culture. It also states that the drug use in Dracula refers to real life instances where doctors would try to control drug consumption during that era. The article elaborates further by stating, â€Å"Doctors carefully regulate the use of drugs in the novel, implying that disaster will surely ensue if the drugs are used improperly, which is demonstrated when Lucy dies as an indirect result of the maids being drugged. † Works Cited Aikens, Kristina. â€Å"Battling Addictions in Dracula. † Manchester University/Gothic Studies, 17 Mar. 2010. PDF. 13 October 2012. http://ehis. ebscohost. com. proxy-tu. researchport. umd. edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? id=0737b5e2-8766-4318-a13a-9ef14709da71%40sessionmgr111vid=3hid=120 Latham, Jo. â€Å"[I]s it dangerous? Alternative readings of â€Å" drugs† and â€Å"addiction† in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. † Watcher Junior. June 2010. Web. 13 October 2012. http://www. watcherjunior. tv/05/latham. php Cover, Rob. â€Å"Not to be Toyed With’: Drug addiction, Bullying and Self-empowerment in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. â€Å"Continuum: Journal of Media Cultural Stu dies 2005 19(1): 85-101. How to cite Compare/Contrast Paper, Essay examples

Diversity Policy In A Work Place Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Diversity Policy In A Work Place. Answer: Advantages Diversity in an organization creates a diverse experience. Fellow employees with different cultural backgrounds come up with a new set of experiences to share with other members in their departments. An employer should take an advantage of such knowledge by putting them collectively to boost production (Hndlaechner 2008, p. 152). If these new ideas they bring up with them are used accordingly, it will have a positive impact on all employees within the organization and hence bringing the best out of them. Diversity in an organization promotes learning and growth. Both the employer and employees will learn a lot from each other when working in an organization which practice diversity policy (Jager, B, and Cleland, A. 2016, p. 153). This will help them grow professionally in their respective field of work and once employees have grown it means the organization has also grown. This is a big asset to the organization. Spending time with culturally diverse co-workers also reduce ethnicity and make employees be well-rounded citizens in the society. Diversity also increases adaptability in an organization. To address problems of workplace diversity, an organization has to develop a variety of solutions, forcing them to adapt to a diverse workforce (Konrad 2006, p. 67). It might be a long and tire full process, but in the long run, an employer will realize that it is necessary. Employees who have worked in organizations which practice diversity policy can share ideas which help in dealing with the changing customer needs and fluctuating markets. It will increase the volume of sales as a result of wide customer rich. An organization has to develop a new process which brings together employees with diverse policy experience as this will without a doubt create good interaction among employees which is very healthy for the organization (Karmann, Flatten, Brettel 2016, p. 223) Another great advantage of diversity policy is that it increases productivity. Globalization and internalization are two of the gifts that workforce diversity brings to the table, this is why foreign executives are very successful in the corporate world in America, while citizens from Europe find their place in high-level jobs (Peters 2008, p. 22). When they combine their skills, experience believe and individual strength they can do wonders in the field of production. There is even that completion among employees that the other employees who are from another race or cultural background cannot defeat him or her in performing a particular task which in the long run leads to high level of production. As a result of high level of production the company makes big profits and return on investment. Diversity also increases a range of services offered by a company. A diverse collection of people with different experiences, skills, cultural understanding, languages and other differences enables a company to provide customers services on a global basis (BendlHenttonen 2015, p. 71). It is because language barrier and cultural differences are avoided. These employees from the same race with clients will interact freely with them as they understand them much better. The customers will also be impressed finding out that the organization is not specific to the kind of people they employ hence making them like the place more. Once the management has an in-depth knowledge about a particular race, they will be in a good position of providing services that specifically suits them. A systematic study has shown that that diversity policy in a workplace is a source of organizations ideas. No two people will ever think alike in everything. An employer who knows how to exploit different technicalities from employees creates a large pool of ideas and experiences from them (Karmann, Flatten, Brettel 2016, p. 234). From these ideas, the company can then come up with strategies which deal with business concerns and customer needs (Hendrix Jackson 2016, p. 246). Disadvantages Even though diversity has many positive effects on an organization, it will not be right to omit its demerits as they will also help an organization to decide whether to practice it or not. It will make those organization practicing it also to be on the alert about the challenges it might also bring abroad with it. One of the challenges of diversity in a workplace is the language barrier. Effective communication within an organization is one of the steps leading to success. Unfortunately, diversity policy can block it, and it can directly reduce productivity due to lack of cohesiveness (Peters 2008, p. 55). You will realize that most companies who provide services to international customers have to employ those who can speak multiple languages to help them serve their customers well. Lack of lingua franca reduces confidentiality, therefore, making employees not to execute their duties appropriately. Diversity also minimizes freedom of speech. In a diverse workplace, employers and employees must be sensitive to race, cultural background, beliefs, and other issues (Danowitz, Hanappi, Mensi-Klarbach 2012, p. 102). So you do not just crack jokes about others who are not from your race because it may not be as acceptable. Employees cannot share their ideas with each other or with their employers openly because they will not understand each other effectively (Golembiewski, 2003, p. 188). They cannot seat together during lunch break or any other free time to even socialize, it will not be a workplace which many people would like to be associated with. Another disadvantage of diversity policy in a workplace is that it leads to high cost of training. Instead of the normal training, organizations are forced to invest more income in seminars, programs, and lectures in order to train them adopting with diversity policy (Bendl, R. and Henttonen, E. 2015, p. 132). Such training is essential as they teach employees how to accept thoughts, ideas, and personalities of others in the workplace. It also provides information on how to deal with prejudice and conflict in a civilized and professional manner (Bell 2012, p. 192). Since companies will always hire, it means it will continue to spend on training. Findings With these advantages of diversity in an organization, it can be concluded that it is a good policy which an organization should practice, it is a pool of ideas, it increases productivity, it makes the employees grow individually, and it increases a range of services and more so creates adaptability. This is something which all companies yarn for, and if they can be achieved through diversity, then it is something worth practicing. From the analysis, it is evident that diversity can lead to integration. Even in an environment where diversity policy is not practiced, exclusive social groups always come up but it is common in organizations practicing diversity policy. With such groups in an organization, informal division among employees always occurs thereby promoting social integration (Hndlaechner 2008, p. 164). It will also lead to a working environment characterized by culturally different employees who avoid each other. It hinders sharing of ideas, skills, and experience thereby leading to low production and lack of growth. Recommendations and Conclusion By looking at both disadvantages and advantages of diversity in a workplace, It is highly recommended that organizations should practice it as it will lead to high profits and return on investment. The disadvantages can be worked on by training employees on how to relate to each other and avoid unnecessary competition which may lead to low quality and reduction in productivity. Training might be expensive, but it will be a long-term benefit to the company. When an organization adopts diversity policy it can perform better in terms of productivity. It is important for the companies to have knowledge on diversity, how to handle challenges relating to it in order to experience its benefits. The need for the diverse workforce is getting more not only because there are different people but also because they can produce better results with having different types of people working together (Jager, B, and Cleland, A. 2016, p. 153). It is therefore recommended that diversity policy is one of the best a company should adopt in order to achieve its objectives. References Bendl, R., Bleijenbergh, I., Henttonen, E. 2015. The Oxford handbook of diversity in organizations. Oxford, Oxford Brookes University. BELL, M. P. 2012. Diversity in organizations. Mason, Ohio, South-Western College. Danowitz, M. A., Hanappi-Egger, E., Mensi-Klarbach, H. 2012. Diversity in organizations: concepts and practices. New York, Palgrave Macmillan. Golembiewski, R. T. 2003. Managing diversity in organizations. Tuscaloosa, Al, University of Alabama Press. Hendrix, K, Jackson, R 2016, 'The Contours of Progress: Parsing Diversity and Difference Studies', Communication Education, 65, 2, pp. 245-249 Hndlaechner, M. (2008). Managing cultural diversity and how to manage it within an organisation. Munich, GRIN Verlag GmbH. Jager, B, Cleland, A 2016, 'Polysemy Advantage with Abstract But Not Concrete Words', Journal Of Psycholinguistic Research, 45, 1, pp. 143-156, Communication Mass Media Complete. KONRAD, A. M. (2006). Cases in gender and diversity in organizations. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage. Karmann, T, Mauer, R, Flatten, T, Brettel, M 2016, 'Entrepreneurial Orientation and Corruption', Journal Of Business Ethics, 133, 2, pp. 223-234 Peters, B. A. (2008). Managing diversity in intergovernmental organisations. Wiesbaden, VS, Verlagfu?rSozialwissenschaften.

Company Analysis Northwest Airlines Essays - American Brands

Company Analysis Northwest Airlines Company Analysis: Northwest Airlines Introduction to Business BN-1020 Dr. Randall By, James Academia Introduction Northwest Airlines is one of the pioneers in the airline transportation industry and is ranked at the fourth largest air carrier in the United States today. The success of the carrier depends on the quality and reliability of the service at a reasonable price. Close competitors force Northwest to innovate their services by increasing efficiency. This essay will try to examine different perspectives in the services needed to successfully complete the companys objectives. The analysis will explain historical and financial perspectives that may give a better understanding of the current market trend of the organization. Services Northwest Airlines is engaged principally in the commercial transportation of passengers and cargo. (5) NWA is a complete full service air transportation carrier that is the forth-largest air carrier in the world that services over 750 destinations located in 120 different countries on 6 continents. They operate 2,600 flights daily around the world and operate more than 200 nonstop between the United States and Asia each week. Headquarters is based in Minneapolis/St. Paul. The main connecting hubs are located at Detroit, Minneapolis, Memphis, and Tokyo. Northwest employs 50,600 employees nationwide as of Dec. 31, 1998. (6) NWA also has 1269 Stockholders as of Feb. 26, 1999. (6) Northwest continues to improve cargo shipping by proudly dedicating 12 Boeing 747 aircraft and easily becoming one of the largest cargo airlines in the world. (4) Cargo is very profitable for Northwest because Northwest has predicted cargo revenue will top the 900 million mark in 2000. (3) The enormous fleet o f aircraft contains 400 airplanes. (1) Northwest has subsidiaries wholly owned (Unless otherwise indicated by NWA) by Northwest Aircraft, Northwest Aerospace Training corps, MLT Inc, Express Airlines, and Express Airlines I. (6) History Northwest Airlines began service on October 1, 1926, flying mail between Minneapolis / St. Paul and Chicago. (2) They started passenger transportation in July 7, 1927. (2) Throughout the years Northwest has grown steadily by acquiring new system routes in the northwestern region of the USA. The year 1930 was a landmark in history because Northwest moved their home base operation to their present headquarters in St. Paul. The air service grew overnight with the acquisition of Southern Airways in 1936. Northwests famous red tail was introduced for the first time on February 1948. The reason why Northwest selected a red tail is because the majority of flights flew over the northern hemisphere. If a flight were to have an accident in snowy surroundings the red tail would easily identify the aircraft. Expansion efforts continue throughout the system but the largest and most significant expansion happened on January 6, 1986. Northwest agrees to purchase Republic Airways and Northwest employees increased from 17,000 employees to approximately 33,000 over night. Northwest continues to expand service in both European and southeastern Asian countries. In 1993, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines purchases 51% of Northwests common stock making KLM an owner and a code-sharing partner. Northwest finds that code sharing is beneficial towards the coverage of and expansion of their service so northwest acquire alliances with China Air, Continental Airlines, and Alaska Airlines to name a few. Northwest is still looking to expand their service coverage by obtaining new routes. Opinion Northwest Airlines has proved that their dedication to superior air service will be their main objective. The mission of the company clearly explains how Northwests corporate culture focuses on their main objectives. The people of Northwest Airlines will provide reliable, convenient, and consistent air transportation that meets or exceeds customer expectations and earns a sustainable profit (1) Northwest enforces values and guiding principles into the workers so that the customers and employees can get a full understanding of where the company stands concerning these issues. (1) Northwests Values 1. Safety First 2. Honesty and Integrity 3. Trustworthiness 4. Respect for self, others, and for property 5. Caring 6. Resourcefulness Guiding Principles 1. Never Compromise Safety 2. Always Emphasize Cleanliness 3. Always put customers first 4. Always support and inspire each other 5. Always strive to Improve These principles and values form the ideal employee. These positive ideals also create an ideal work environment and maintain high morals and attitudes in the workforce. My experience with Northwest has been very positive. I was able to travel to twelve different countries so far in my career

The Golden Age of Microbiology essays

The Golden Age of Microbiology essays What would the human race be like if we did not have some of todays modern medicines? It would probably be just like it was 200 years ago. Doctors claiming to know cures forsome of the worlds most infectious diseases, and then treating them in the some of themost inhuman ways. People would be dieing from infections left and right. And even worse, we would not know how to cure most of their diseases. The world populationwould probably be half the size that it is today. But, thanks to the Golden Age ofMicrobiology, and the people who tried to find cures and such, we now have ways to over come most of the worlds diseases. The Golden Age was only 20 years long, from 1880 to about 1900. It was the time when about three scientists helped to better sciences technologies and cures. The first of these three was Pasteur. Some of his contributions to science were the creation of silk and a cure for rabies. But one of the most important of all of his findings was the idea of pasteurization. Around the time of 1870, there was a problem with the making of beer and wine. The companies could not figure out a way to keep their products from becoming sour. Pasteur then came up with the idea of adding many different elements to the products and then refrigerating them for a long period of time. Thus came the idea of The second out of the three was Robert Koch. Koch was mostly into the study of microbiology and bacteriology. Most of his researching was done under the microscope, but he realized that he could not totally determine what a certain bacteria classified as. He discovered that if you were to add a stain to slide that you would be able to make out the bacteria about 10x better. Koch also noticed that sometimes you cant always find bacteria in just one sample of something that is contaminated. So, he came up with the ...

Unit 4 Science DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 4 Science DB - Essay Example This list serves as guide for EPA determining which sites warrant further investigation. It was painfully surprising to know that even Florida is also having as many as 49 such sites. Though, with EPA’s efforts, 21 sites have already been cleaned up.One such site in our nearby was BMI-Textron with EPA ID as FLD052172954. It is situated at 1211, Silver Beach Road in the Tri-City Industrial Park, Lake Park, Florida. It was proposed in NCL list on 06/24/88 and it was deleted from it on 11/18/04 after cleanup. BMI-Textron (BMIT) was in business of making of chrome backed glass plates, used for manufacture of electronic components. Materials and chemicals that were used for this product included cerium oxide, ceric ammonium nitrate, chromium, acetone, potassium ferrocyanide and possibly fluoride (EVA website). Various processes of manufacturing operation like chromium stripping operations, glass cleaning, coating, polishing, rinse waters and reverse osmosis water purification etc., generated liquid wastes. These wastes were disposed of on site. Initially BMIT used percolation ponds under a Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER) permit for disposing of cyanide wastes and later installed additional drain field to dispose of wastewater from a Reverse Osmosis plant. As per terms of FDER permit four wells were constructed on site to monitor permit compliance. A monthly report of sample was also to be taken. One monthly report of sampling data showed higher than permitted standards for nitrate, total dissolved solids and pH. Accordingly in 1983, FDEP issued a violation notice BMIT. Later investigations determined concentrations of arsenic, cyanide, fluoride, and sodium contamination in the soil and groundwater. It was affecting approximately 106,000 people in Lake Park, Riviera B each, North Palm Beach, Palm Beach Shores, and Palm Beach Gardens. These contaminations can

Slavery in Early American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery in Early American History - Essay Example Slavery was practiced in the North America at its climax for up to two centuries before legal issues and human rights fighters started the foundation of dissolving this vice. The vice started fading in the late 18th century, but continued to thrive in the Southern States of North America. Most slaves were found in areas that were active in cash crop agriculture and other areas that required hard manual labor such as industrial areas (Kolchin, 9). Needless to say, many evils happened during the extended period that slavery existed. This essay will discuss the supposed differences that led to the degradation of the blacks as slaves in English America. Terrors that were experienced in slave ships during their transportation and some of the evolutions in the slave ships will also be discussed. These will base their reference on two books: The White Man’s Burden by Winthrop D. Jordan and The Slave Ship, by Marcus Rediker. The black people underwent a lot of maltreatment as slaves d uring slavery, and in slave ships in the early American history. The major difference that formed the basis of every other difference the whites had in degrading the Africans was the skin color. This is according to the book, The White Man’s Burden, by Winthrop D. Jordan. The skin color of the Africans made the Whites believe that they were a radically unusual race. This drove to the belief that this peculiar race was then inferior and thus had no right to some of the rights that the Whites had access. Africans were, therefore, considered lesser than the White Men, and were subjected to play servitude to the perceived superior mankind, the White People. â€Å"By 1700, when Africans began flooding into English America, they were treated as somehow deserving a life and status radically different from English and other European settlers† (Winthrop, 26). According to Jordan, an initial